DOI: 10.33547/Aegypt2025.08
Crowns and other symbols of power in Makuria (Dotawo) and Arwa as depicted in frescoes from the Kingdom of Makuria
by: Włodzimierz Godlewski 
in: M.A. Jucha, J. Dębowska-Ludwin, G. Bąk-Pryc (eds), Per vias Aegypti et Orientis Medii. Studies Presented to Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz, Kraków: Institute of Archaeology Jagiellonian University, Archaeologica Foundation, Profil-Archeo Publishing House, 2025, pp. 87-98.
Abstract: This paper explores the portrayal of royal power in the Kingdom of Makuria (Dotawo) and Arwa through frescoes in churches and sacred buildings. Focused on the depiction of Makurian kings and Queen Mothers, it identifies their unique roles and the symbolism of crowns and power attributes across four distinct periods from the 9th to the 14th century. Notably, three Queen Mothers exhibited significant political influence, with one from Arwa specifically highlighted. The analysis reveals shifts in regalia, particularly crowns, from Byzantine to Nubian styles, reflecting the evolving political landscape between Makuria and Arwa. The absence of legends limits interpretation, yet the frescoes provide vital insights into the complex power dynamics and cultural interrelations of the two kingdoms. The study underscores the necessity for further investigation into the iconography of these prominent figures to enhance understanding of their historical context and significance.